PETALUMA, Calif. Dafna Wu, a 48-year-old San Francisco nurse, resembles her Chinese father more than her Jewish mother. Shes been Jewish her whole life, but shes used to walking into synagogues and having people ask who shes with, as if she didnt belong there of her own accord.
Her oldest daughter, Ruby, 24, looks like the Jewish man who fathered her, like someone from a Vishniac photo, Wu says.
When Ruby was a baby, Wu says, people thought I was her nanny.
But Wus youngest child, 9-year-old Amalia, has a Chinese father and looks Asian. The Hebrew school she attends is filled with mixed-race children, but the parents in the congregation are all white. Amalia is in the minority, which concerns her mother.
All my life Ive had to defend being Jewish, Wu says. I dont want her to have to explain her Judaism or be exoticized for it. I just want her to be a kid, not that special, multi-racial kid.
Thats why Wu brings Amalia to Bechol Lashons retreats and holiday celebrations.
At Bechol Lashon, a San Francisco-based organization for ethnically and racially diverse Jews and their families, Amalia plays with other Jewish children who are black, Hispanic and Asian, as well as a sprinkling of white children from non-conventional families.
They study Hebrew, celebrate the holidays, read Bible stories and learn about Israel, but they also talk openly with their counselors about what it means to be Jews of color, to juggle an identity people cant see with the one proclaimed by their skin.
ABOUT 5.4% of Americas Jews are non-white or Hispanic, according to the 2000-2001 National Jewish Population Survey.
Nevertheless, say activists in the field, the prevailing assumption is that Jews in the US are white, and that Jews of other racial or ethnic backgrounds are adoptees or converts.
Sometimes they are, but increasingly they are not, as the children of mixed-race couples grow to adulthood and begin raising their own Jewish children.
As their numbers grow, mixed-race Jewish families are facing the same question often put to interfaith families: Is there a need for separate programming?
The answer, judging by the growth in the field, seems to be yes.
After 12 years of holiday programming in San Francisco and six years of annual fall retreats, Bechol Lashon ran its first summer camp in June, when a critical mass of its families children reached the 8-to-12 age group.
An East Coast organization with similar goals, the Jewish Multiracial Network, founded by white Ashkenazi parents of African-American children, this summer formally passed leadership on to the next generation and is now run by and for Jews of color.
Both organizations have greatly expanded their activities this year.
Bechol Lashon, which used to limit programming to the San Francisco Bay Area, now has representatives in Los Angeles, New York and Chicago, as well as a rabbi in Oklahoma City who works with anusim, Hispanic non-Jews of Jewish ancestry.
And the Jewish Multiracial Network, which sponsors an annual retreat and an active listserve, since September has held potluck gatherings and town hall meetings in Boston, New York and Philadelphia, and is planning one for Los Angeles.
This is a population that is growing, that deserves our sensitivity, and is not getting it, says Paul Golin, associate director of the Jewish Outreach Institute.
Golin has participated in Jewish Multiracial Network events. His wife is Japanese.
Ive learned a tremendous amount of what it means to have white privilege, he says. I was fairly oblivious to it before. Theres white privilege in America, and Ashkenazi privilege in the Jewish world.
BUT Bechol Lashon founder and director Diane Tobin says she notices a marked increase of interest in reaching out to non-white Jews within the greater Jewish community.
Diversity has become a very popular issue, especially with the election of Barack Obama, she says.
At the most recent Bechol Lashon fall retreat, held Oct. 2-4 at Walker Creek Ranch just north of San Francisco, parents interviewed said they dont want to segregate their children from the larger community.
Most, but not all, send their children to mainstream religious schools and belong to synagogues.
They look at the Bechol Lashon activities as supplementary, giving them space to explore their connection to Judaism without having to explain who they are.
Tobin created Bechol Lashon with her husband, the late Gary Tobin, 12 years ago when they adopted Jonah, who is African American. The Tobins daughter, Sarah Spencer, who was 21 at the time, was in on the decision.
We thought it was important to have a community where Jonah and kids like him would not have to choose between their identities, where they didnt have to be black sometimes and Jewish sometimes, Spencer says.
Spencer, who has a 2-year-old son with her husband, a black Jamaican, says at first she wasnt sure there was a need for the new summer camp.
But every parent Ive talked to in the program says theyve been looking for this, she says. So it seems there was a void.
And its not just the parents. Children who attended the camp this summer say they feel the difference.
I have more friends that understand me here, says 10-year-old Aviva Davis, whose mother is the camp director.
At both Jewish Multiracial Network and Bechol Lashon, mixed-race or non-white children who grew up in the organizations are taking over from their parents generation.
THE biggest upheaval took place within the Jewish Multiracial Network in June when Tanya Bowers, 36, of Washington was elected the groups first African-American president.
The shift is happening now, she says.
The group was started by Ashkenazim who adopted multi-racially. For the past several years Bowers says there has been some tension between these well-intentioned Jewish parents and the people of color in the organization, a lot of control issues.
By this summer the parents were ready to let go, and Bower stepped forward.
We still want the parents involved, she says.
But the agenda is being set by the new generation. The summer retreat was the first to boast a separate track for Jews of color, along with the previous tracks set up by the groups founders.
Within Bechol Lashon, young non-white faces are more prevalent in the groups leadership.
Kenny Kahn, 27, the son of a white Jewish mother and black non-Jewish father, is a veteran of Hebrew school, Jewish summer camps and an Israel program, and has been coming to Bechol Lashon for 12 years.
He now serves as head counselor at the retreats and summer camp.
Kahn grew up in Richmond, a heavily African-American city north of Berkeley, and attended Temple Beth El, a Reform congregation in Berkeley.
I had my Richmond friends and my Beth El friends, he says. Being able to mediate between those two worlds has become a theme in my life.
A big, friendly guy who looks more African American than white, Kahn says he never experienced anti-Semitism in the black community or raised eyebrows in the Jewish community.
But he relishes the space Bechol Lashon provides him and his peers to explore their Judaism at leisure with others who share their backgrounds and concerns.
In California were blessed with tolerance, he says. But tolerance is just the first step to acceptance, and thats what we need more of in the Jewish community.
